Who is often referred to as the “Father of Criminology”?
a) Cesare Lombroso
b) Edwin H. Sutherland
c) Emile Durkheim
d) Robert K. Merton
Answer: a) Cesare Lombroso
Which American criminologist introduced the concept of “differential association theory?
a) Albert Cohen
b) Travis Hirschi
c) Robert Agnew
d) Edwin H. Sutherland
Answer: d) Edwin H. Sutherland
Who developed the “social control theory” emphasizing the importance of bonds to society?
a) Emile Durkheim
b) Travis Hirschi
c) Robert Merton
d) Robert K. Merton
Answer: b) Travis Hirschi
Which criminologist is known for his work on “strain theory” and “anomie”?
a) Albert Cohen
b) Robert Agnew
c) Emile Durkheim
d) Robert K. Merton
Answer: d) Robert K. Merton
Who proposed the “labeling theory” that focuses on how individuals are labeled as criminals by society?
a) Howard Becker
b) Travis Hirschi
c) Albert Cohen
d) Edwin H. Sutherland
Answer: a) Howard Becker
Which criminologist is known for his research on “learning theory” and the process of criminal behavior?
a) Robert Agnew
b) Edwin H. Sutherland
c) Ronald Akers
d) Albert Cohen
Answer: c) Ronald Akers
Who is famous for his work on “social disorganization theory,” which explains crime as a result of the breakdown of social institutions?
a) Emile Durkheim
b) Robert Agnew
c) Travis Hirschi
d) Clifford Shaw
Answer: d) Clifford Shaw
Which American criminologist focused on the concept of “general strain theory” and its relation to crime?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Robert Agnew
c) Edwin H. Sutherland
d) Albert Cohen
Answer: b) Robert Agnew
Who is known for the “culture conflict theory,” suggesting that different cultural groups have distinct norms and values, leading to conflicts and crime?
a) Albert Cohen
b) Clifford Shaw
c) Emile Durkheim
d) Walter Miller
Answer: a) Albert Cohen
Which criminologist introduced the concept of “neutralization techniques” used by offenders to justify their criminal actions?
a) Edwin H. Sutherland
b) Walter Miller
c) Travis Hirschi
d) Gresham Sykes
Answer: d) Gresham Sykes
Who developed the “self-control theory” that explains criminal behavior as a lack of self-control?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Albert Cohen
c) Michael Gottfredson
d) Robert Agnew
Answer: c) Michael Gottfredson
Which American criminologist is known for his work on “crime mapping” and spatial analysis of crime patterns?
a) Robert Agnew
b) Clifford Shaw
c) Albert Cohen
d) Ronald Clarke
Answer: d) Ronald Clarke
Who is famous for his research on “differential opportunity theory,” which explains how criminal subcultures emerge in disadvantaged neighborhoods?
a) Robert Merton
b) Edwin H. Sutherland
c) Richard Cloward
d) Lloyd Ohlin
Answer: c) Richard Cloward
Which criminologist is known for his “code of the streets” theory, which focuses on the role of informal social control in high-crime areas?
a) Elijah Anderson
b) Robert K. Merton
c) Travis Hirschi
d) Albert Cohen
Answer: a) Elijah Anderson
Who developed the “general theory of crime” emphasizing the role of self-control and its impact on criminal behavior?
a) Michael Gottfredson
b) Travis Hirschi
c) Robert Agnew
d) Gresham Sykes
Answer: a) Michael Gottfredson
Which criminologist is known for his research on the “cycle of violence” and its influence on intergenerational crime patterns?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Albert Cohen
c) Richard Cloward
d) David Farrington
Answer: d) David Farrington
Who is famous for his work on “routine activities theory,” explaining that crime occurs when a motivated offender encounters a suitable target without capable guardianship?
a) Ronald Clarke
b) Emile Durkheim
c) Albert Cohen
d) Edwin H. Sutherland
Answer: a) Ronald Clarke
Which American criminologist is known for his research on the “age-crime curve,” indicating that criminal activity peaks during adolescence?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Marvin Wolfgang
c) Albert Cohen
d) Robert Agnew
Answer: b) Marvin Wolfgang
Who developed the “cycle of violence theory,” suggesting that children who witness violence in their homes are more likely to become violent offenders later in life?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Emile Durkheim
c) Albert Cohen
d) Murray Straus
Answer: d) Murray Straus
Which criminologist is known for his research on “broken windows theory,” highlighting the role of neighborhood disorder in fostering crime?
a) Ronald Clarke
b) Travis Hirschi
c) George Kelling
d) Albert Cohen
Answer: c) George Kelling
Who is famous for his work on “control balance theory,” which explains how individuals balance their obligations and criminal opportunities?
a) Emile Durkheim
b) Charles Tittle
c) Robert K. Merton
d) Edwin H. Sutherland
Answer: b) Charles Tittle
Which American criminologist is known for his research on “life-course criminology,” examining how criminal behavior changes throughout an individual’s life?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Robert Sampson
c) Albert Cohen
d) Robert Agnew
Answer: b) Robert Sampson
Who developed the “theory of delinquent subcultures,” suggesting that some groups develop distinct norms and values that support criminal behavior?
a) Albert Cohen
b) Edwin H. Sutherland
c) Richard Cloward
d) Walter Miller
Answer: a) Albert Cohen
Which criminologist is known for his research on “strategies of adaptation to strain,” exploring different ways individuals cope with societal pressures and stresses?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Robert Agnew
c) Albert Cohen
d) Richard Cloward
Answer: b) Robert Agnew
Who is famous for his work on “coercion theory,” emphasizing the role of power and control in the commission of crimes?
a) Albert Cohen
b) Travis Hirschi
c) Mark Colvin
d) Richard Quinney
Answer: d) Richard Quinney
Which American criminologist is known for his research on “victimology” and the study of victims’ behavior and experiences?
a) Emile Durkheim
b) Hans von Hentig
c) Albert Cohen
d) Edwin H. Sutherland
Answer: b) Hans von Hentig
Who developed the “theory of criminal drift,” proposing that individuals can move in and out of criminal behavior over time?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) David Matza
c) Albert Cohen
d) Ronald Akers
Answer: b) David Matza
Which criminologist is known for his research on “rational choice theory,” suggesting that individuals weigh the potential risks and rewards before engaging in criminal acts?
a) Edwin H. Sutherland
b) Ronald Clarke
c) Travis Hirschi
d) Gresham Sykes
Answer: b) Ronald Clarke
Who is famous for his work on “collective efficacy,” indicating that strong social ties and mutual trust in a community can reduce crime rates?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Albert Cohen
c) Robert Sampson
d) Edwin H. Sutherland
Answer: c) Robert Sampson
Which American criminologist developed the “theory of social reaction,” also known as the “labeling theory”?
a) Howard Becker
b) Emile Durkheim
c) Travis Hirschi
d) Robert Agnew
Answer: a) Howard Becker
Who developed the “dramaturgical perspective,” viewing criminal behavior as a performance on the social stage?
a) Emile Durkheim
b) Travis Hirschi
c) Erving Goffman
d) Albert Cohen
Answer: c) Erving Goffman
Which criminologist is known for his research on “strain theory” and the idea of “retreatism” as a coping mechanism for societal pressures?
a) Albert Cohen
b) Edwin H. Sutherland
c) Robert K. Merton
d) Robert Agnew
Answer: c) Robert K. Merton
Who is famous for his work on “defiance theory,” explaining that individuals may engage in criminal behavior to resist societal norms and values?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Albert Cohen
c) Walter Miller
d) Jack Katz
Answer: d) Jack Katz
Which American criminologist is known for his research on “situational crime prevention,” focusing on reducing opportunities for criminal acts?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Ronald Clarke
c) Albert Cohen
d) Emile Durkheim
Answer: b) Ronald Clarke
Who developed the “theory of criminal justice” proposing that the legal system is designed to control the poor and marginalized?
a) Albert Cohen
b) Travis Hirschi
c) Richard Quinney
d) Edwin H. Sutherland
Answer: c) Richard Quinney
Which criminologist is known for his research on “crime and human nature,” arguing that criminal behavior is a result of biological predispositions?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Edwin H. Sutherland
c) James Q. Wilson
d) Robert Agnew
Answer: c) James Q. Wilson
Who is famous for his work on “neutralization theory,” suggesting that criminals use techniques to rationalize their unlawful actions?
a) Albert Cohen
b) Travis Hirschi
c) Gresham Sykes
d) Walter Miller
Answer: c) Gresham Sykes
Which American criminologist developed the “general theory of crime,” emphasizing the importance of low self-control in criminal behavior?
a) Michael Gottfredson
b) Robert Agnew
c) Albert Cohen
d) Edwin H. Sutherland
Answer: a) Michael Gottfredson
Who developed the “theory of social disorganization,” explaining crime as a result of community breakdown and social change?
a) Edwin H. Sutherland
b) Emile Durkheim
c) Clifford Shaw
d) Travis Hirschi
Answer: c) Clifford Shaw
Which criminologist is known for his work on “cultural deviance theory,” suggesting that subcultures develop their own norms and values, leading to criminal behavior?
a) Albert Cohen
b) Robert Agnew
c) Travis Hirschi
d) Clifford Shaw
Answer: a) Albert Cohen
Who is famous for his research on “differential identification theory,” which explains how individuals adopt criminal behavior by identifying with criminal role models?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Edwin H. Sutherland
c) Albert Cohen
d) David Matza
Answer: d) David Matza
Which American criminologist is known for his research on “crime and delinquency prevention,” focusing on early intervention and community programs?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Robert Sampson
c) Albert Cohen
d) James Q. Wilson
Answer: b) Robert Sampson
Who developed the “theory of differential opportunity,” explaining how criminal subcultures develop in disadvantaged communities with limited legitimate opportunities?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Richard Cloward
c) Albert Cohen
d) Robert K. Merton
Answer: b) Richard Cloward
Which criminologist is known for his research on “the nature of the offense” and the different roles offenders play in criminal acts?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Albert Cohen
c) Richard Quinney
d) Walter Miller
Answer: c) Richard Quinney
Who is famous for his work on “cultural transmission theory,” explaining how criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others?
a) Albert Cohen
b) Travis Hirschi
c) Edwin H. Sutherland
d) Walter Miller
Answer: c) Edwin H. Sutherland
Which American criminologist developed the “theory of social bonds,” suggesting that strong social attachments reduce the likelihood of criminal behavior?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Albert Cohen
c) Robert Agnew
d) Edwin H. Sutherland
Answer: a) Travis Hirschi
Who developed the “theory of differential association,” proposing that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others?
a) Albert Cohen
b) Travis Hirschi
c) Edwin H. Sutherland
d) Robert Agnew
Answer: c) Edwin H. Sutherland
Which criminologist is known for his research on “victim precipitation theory,” suggesting that victims may contribute to the occurrence of a crime?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Albert Cohen
c) Marvin Wolfgang
d) Emile Durkheim
Answer: c) Marvin Wolfgang
Who is famous for his work on “criminal behavior systems,” examining the different factors that influence individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal acts?
a) Emile Durkheim
b) Travis Hirschi
c) Ronald Akers
d) Walter Miller
Answer: c) Ronald Akers
Which American criminologist developed the “theory of moral development,” proposing that individuals progress through stages of moral reasoning, which influences their likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior?
a) Travis Hirschi
b) Albert Cohen
c) Edwin H. Sutherland
d) Lawrence Kohlberg
Answer: d) Lawrence Kohlberg
